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The Geological Map of Bermuda by H.L. Vacher, M.P. Rowe and P Garrett was completed in 1989. Six limestone formations were identified. These formations in order of decreasing age are the Walsingham, the Lower Town Hill, the Upper Town Hill, the Belmont, the Rocky Bay and the Southampton. Primarily, these formations comprise lithified (hardened) wind-blown sand dunes. They differ from each other in the amount of chemical and physical alteration (by the effects of infiltrating rain water) which they have undergone over time. The youngest formations retain their depositional texture and often resemble loosely consolidated beach sand. Older formations are more cemented and the sand grains have become less recognizable, turning white and powdery in the Town Hill formation. In Bermuda's oldest limestones - the Walsingham formation - the grains are often difficult to distinguish, with the naked eye, from the calcium carbonate cement which encloses them.
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